The Ganga River, revered as sacred and vital for millions of people in India, faces a growing threat from microplastic pollution. This review examines the effects of microplastics on the Ganga River ecosystem and its fisheries. Microplastics, tiny plastic particles measuring less than 5 mm, enter the Ganga through various land-based sources and surface runoffs, posing significant risks to aquatic life. The unique hydrological characteristics of the Ganga River, including variable water velocity, contribute to the transport and accumulation of microplastics, further exacerbating pollution levels. The presence of microplastics in the Ganga River ecosystem has diverse impacts on aquatic organisms, including fish species such as Gharials (Gavialis gangeticus) and the Ganga River dolphin (Platanista gangetica), which are integral to the river's biodiversity. Effective mitigation strategies, including improved waste management practices, public awareness campaigns, and policy interventions, are essential to safeguarding the Ganga River ecosystem and sustaining fisheries for future generations.

Kairomones are interspecific semio-chemicals produced by one species that induce advantageous responses in a different species. They play a pivotal role in entomophagy foraging activities and host location. These chemical cues originate from various sources including host and non-host plants, host insects and synthetic compounds. Major chemical constituents of kairomones include terpenes, flavonoids, terpenoids and saturated hydrocarbons. Insects detect these semio-chemicals through specialized receptors, primarily located on antennae, palps and ovipositors. The host location process in parasitoids involves habitat location, host recognition and acceptance phases, employing visual and volatile cues. Kairomones significantly influence tritrophic interactions in agroecosystems, shaping the foraging behaviour and reproductive strategies of insect pests and their natural enemies.

Fisheries resources are subject to national and international regulations to ensure responsible and sustainable use. Management measures may include quotas, size limits, gear restrictions, and monitoring programs. Balancing Conservation and Utilization of Inland fisheries serve as invaluable resources that provide sustenance, livelihoods, and recreational opportunities for communities around the world. The sustainable management of these fisheries hinges on a delicate equilibrium between resource exploitation and conservation. Fishing ban regulations emerge as pivotal tools within this management framework, offering a means to safeguard fish populations, preserve ecosystems, and ensure long-term viability. The multifaceted realm of fishing ban regulations in inland fisheries, examining their purpose, implementation, and the intricate dynamics they navigate. By temporarily restricting or halting fishing activities, these regulations address critical ecological and management concerns. Seasonal closures, size and bag limits, gear restrictions, and protected areas are among the strategies wielded to mitigate overfishing, foster reproductive success, and promote habitat preservation. The core principles underpinning fishing ban regulations, dissecting their rationale, benefits, and challenges. An exploration of scientific evidence and case studies elucidates the tangible impacts of these regulations on fish populations, ecosystems, and local communities. The abstract also scrutinizes the potential trade-offs between conservation imperatives and the socio-economic realities of those dependent on fisheries.